These alloys are used in jewelry and in electrical contacts that must resist wear. Number of Stable Isotopes : 7 View all isotope data. Electron Shell Configuration :. Ruthenium Previous Isotopes Next. Hello, welcome to this week's Chemistry in its element, I'm Chris Smith. In this episode we come face to face with the chemical dubbed the connoisseur's element.
It's won a nobel prize as a catalyst, it's the muscle behind wear resistant electrical contacts and it might even help you to write nicely, unless you're a doctor, in which case you're probably beyond redemption. Here's Jonathan Steed. Stop the proverbial "man in the street" and ask him what ruthenium is and the chances are he won't be able to tell you. Compared to the "sexier elements" that are household names like carbon and oxygen, ruthenium is, frankly, a bit obscure. In fact even if your man in the street was wearing a lab coat and walking on a street very close to a university chemistry department he might still be a bit ignorant about this mysterious metal.
It wasn't always that way, though. Twenty or thirty years ago whole generations of chemists did entire Ph. As one of that cohort of ruthenium chemists it is my duty to spread the word about the element once described by one of the fathers of modern inorganic chemistry, Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson as "an element for the connoisseur". As I rustily recalled in response to the first question I was asked in my Ph.
The name was first proposed by Gottfried Osann in , who believed he had identified the metal, and the name was retained by Osann's countryman and in ruthenium's official discoverer Karl Klaus in honour of his birthplace in Tartu, Estonia; at the time a part of the Russian Empire.
Ruthenium's popularity in university chemistry departments in the latter half of the twentieth century was in no small part due to the fact that it is relatively cheap. The rarity of the platinum group metals which are often found together makes them all expensive but unlike platinum, rhodium and palladium which have use in automobile catalytic converters, for example, ruthenium was historically not so much in demand.
Indeed for many years the metals company Johnson Matthey operated a loan scheme where they would give aspiring researchers g or so of ruthenium trichloride to experiment with in the hope the chemists would find new uses for the material. The loans scheme operated for the pricier metals like rhodium as well, but only in little 5 g pots. A nice feature of the loans scheme was that chemists collected the metal-containing residues of their experiments and returned the resulting black, smelly sludge to the company for metals recovery.
So, from the s onwards when the field of organometallic chemistry burst onto chemists' consciousness, a lot of people were doing a lot of research with the connoisseur's element. While it was a rhodium reaction that led the ever colourful Wilkinson to rush around his lab brandishing a foaming test tube and shouting "who wants a Ph.
It turns out that ruthenium does indeed deserve Wilkinson's elegant description. While the element itself is an unremarkable looking, rather hard, white metal it forms a vast range of interesting compounds that seem to have that perfect balance between reactivity and stability to make them generally useful but easy to handle. Like all of the platinum group metals, ruthenium complexes are good catalysts. Wind the clock forward to , when Yves Chauvin, Bob Grubbs and Dick Schrock were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"; this synthetic chemistry award was a real boost for the "pot boilers".
And which of the platinum group metals is it that lies at the heart of Grubbs' elegant catalyst system for this fantastically useful, modern carbon-carbon bond forming reaction? It turns out that it is a cool carbene complex of the humble ruthenium that gets it just right.
It is this kind of niche application - just a little in the just the right place that I think Wilkinson was talking about. In fact, the harder you look the more you find just little bits of ruthenium stiffening the backbone of technology. Due to its hardness ruthenium is used in alloys with other platinum group metals to make wear-resistant electrical contacts, and there is a vast amount of interest in ruthenium-based thin film microelectronics because the metal can be easily patterned.
If you are fan of fountain pens then the chances are you have written with a ruthenium alloy. The famous Parker 51 fountain pen has been fitted with an Ru nib since ; a 14K gold nib tipped with Ruthenium compounds also have some nice optical and electronic properties. Like its lighter close relative, iron, ruthenium readily forms a number of oxides including some exotic oxygen bridged multi metallic compounds. One such material, ruthenium red, is a dye used to stain negatively charged biomolecules such as nucleic acids in microscopy.
Ruthenium complexes also have significant potential as anti-cancer treatments. One of my personal favourites in the zoo of exotic ruthenium complexes is the Creutz-Taube ion - two ruthenium atoms surrounded by ammonia molecules and joined by a molecule of pyrazene imagine benzene but with a couple of nitrogen atoms.
This was the first genuinely delocalized mixed valence complex. It behaves for all the world as if the two metals have plus two and a half charges each even though charges only come in units of one! This compound gave rise to a whole field of "mixed valence" chemistry and is part of the tremendously exciting field of molecular electronics today.
So, when you think about chemistry and are watching yet another documentary on the vital importance of carbon, or the hydrogen economy, spare a thought for the rare, refined elements like ruthenium that are reserved only for the connoisseur.
So that's why I can't read my own writing - perhaps Bic need to start incorporating some ruthenium in their roller balls. That was Durham University's Jonathan Steed. Next time to the stuff that's the bain of kettles and boilers everywhere - but there are some benefits too. The calcium usually enters the water as it flows past either calcium carbonate, from limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate, from other mineral deposits.
Whilst some people do not like the taste, hard water is generally not harmful to your health. Although it does make your kettle furry! Interestingly, the taste of beer something dear to my heart seems related to the calcium concentration of the water used, and it is claimed that good beer should have a calcium concentration that is higher than that of hard tap water. No southern softies around here, thank you very much. Karen Faulds will be serving up the story of calcium on next week's Chemistry in its Element.
I'm Chris Smith, thank you very much for listening and goodbye. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld. Click here to view videos about Ruthenium. View videos about. Help Text. Learn Chemistry : Your single route to hundreds of free-to-access chemistry teaching resources.
We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. We welcome your feedback. Data W. Haynes, ed. Version 1. This drawback was countered by using dialkyl sulfoxide derivative of ruthenium.
The mechanism of action of ruthenium as an anticancer agent is that it causes apoptosis of tumor cells by acting at DNA level. Apoptosis is a controlled destruction of cells [ 17 , 18 ].
Radiation therapy: in cancer treatment radiotherapy has also been used. Radiation therapy becomes beneficial only when it is proximal to the cancerous cell. The agents used in radiation therapy are called radio sensitizers. Photodynamic therapy: it is a therapy where chemicals and electromagnetic radiations are used. In this therapy chemicals are targeted on the cancerous cell, these chemicals become cytotoxic when they interact with electromagnetic radiation.
In this therapy Ruthenium find its application as it increases the access of these chemicals to the cancerous cells [ 20 , 21 ]. Action on cancerous mitochondria: mitochondria are the power house of any cell. This makes it a potential target for anticancer therapy. Ruthenium red is a type of ruthenium which is used to stain mitochondria. Mitochondrial surface has some calcium entity on it. When ruthenium red is added, it reacts with this calcium and stains the mitochondria.
Ruthenium red also has tumor inhibiting activity. However, ruthenium red is not preferably used clinically as it has major side effects [ 20 , 22 ]. Effect on metastasis: metastasis is the ability of cancerous cell to spread in the body by lymphatic or circulatory system. A tumor cell more than 1 mm in size requires additional blood supply to spread in the body. Formations of new blood vessels are called angiogenesis.
Drugs which act as anti-metastasis many inhibit this action. Ruthenium complexes anti-metastatsis drug namely NAMI-A does the same action by binding to the mRNA and production of denatured protein which gets accumulated on the surface of tumor making a hard film and prevents any blood supply to the tumor cell. This action inhibits the metastasis.
Ruthenium has additional benefit that it easily crosses any cell so the reach of the drug increases [ 23 , 26 ]. Ruthenium with atomic number of 44 and symbol Ru was discovered by Russian chemist Karl Klaus — It is silvery whitish, lustrous hard metal with a shiny surface.
The ability of Ru to exist in many oxidation states is an important property of this rare element which plays an important part in its applications. Ruthenium readily forms coordinate complexes and these complexes have their applications in diverse fields such as medicine, catalysis, biology, nanoscience, redox and photoactive materials. In biomedical fields Ru is used for diagnosis and treatment purpose. For example, Ru is used for determination of calcitonin level in blood which is helpful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to thyroid and parathyroid glands.
Ruthenium cyclosporin complex gives a stable compound which results in an inhibitory effect on T lymphocyte proliferation which shows its immune-suppressant action. This property helps in the treatment of cancer. This chapter gives a brief account of the various properties of Ru which are exploited for applications in the medical field. It is likely that in the coming years, further research will lead to even more useful applications of this miraculous element.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Edited by Mohindar Seehra. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books.
Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Downloaded: Keywords ruthenium platinum group biomedical application rare element cancer isotopes. Discovery of ruthenium Ruthenium is one of the chemical elements given in the periodic table. Atomic number Element Electron configuration Number of electrons per shell 26 Iron Fe 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6 2,8,14,2 44 Ruthenium Ru 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1 4d 7 2,8,18,15,1 76 Osmium Os 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 6 2,8,18,32,14,2 Hassium Hs 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 6 2,8,18,32,32,14,2.
Table 1. Electron configuration of group 8 chemical elements. Main isotopes of Ruthenium S. Isotopes Abundance Half-life 1 96 Ru 5. Table 2. Physical properties of platinum group elements. Table 3. Characteristics of main isotopes of ruthenium.
Oxidation reaction of ruthenium As noted above, Ruthenium undergoes oxidation reaction to form Ruthenium oxide [ 11 ]. Coordination complexes of ruthenium Coordination complex is the process where a center molecule makes bond with surrounding atoms or ions which are also known as ligands.
Catalytic activity of ruthenium Ruthenium acts as a catalyst in many reactions. Development of half-sandwich para-cymene ruthenium II naphthylazophenolato complexes Ruthenium II -arene complex has a structure of three-legged piano stool with a metal at the center in a quasi-octahedral geometry which is occupied by byan arene complex.
General applications Ruthenium finds application both in electronic industry and chemical industry. The powder is then consolidated. Adding ruthenium is one of the most effective ways to harden platinum and palladium. It is alloyed with these metals to make electrical conducts that are extremely wear resistant.
A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0. Ruthenium is a versatile catalyst.
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