Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on Earth's surface. Movement in the mantle caused by variations in heat from the core, cause the plates to shift, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards then change our landscape, and in some cases, threaten lives and property. Learn more about how the earth is constructed with these classroom resources. The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior.
The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. Oceanographer Bob Ballard explores thermal vents in Iceland. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Skip to content. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom. Background Info Questions Vocabulary. Which lies deeper beneath the Earth's crust—the Gutenberg discontinuity or the Moho?
What region of Earth's interior do you think is the most rigid and brittle? Which region of Earth do you think is the hottest? Gutenberg discontinuity. Mohorovicic discontinuity. Also called the Moho. Media Credits The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit.
Source: Geological Survey Ireland The crust This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly basalt and granite. The core The core is the centre of the earth and is made up of two parts: the liquid outer core and solid inner core.
The outer core is made of nickel, iron and molten rock. Temperatures here can reach up to 50, C. Tile 1 Description. Tile 2 Description. Tile 3 Description. Tile 4 Description. Tile 5 Description. Tile 6 Description. Tile 7 Description. You can bake a loaf of bread in your oven at degrees Fahrenheit , at degrees F. The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, plastic mantle which is located below the crust. These plates usually move along smoothly but sometimes they stick and build up pressure.
The pressure builds and the rock bends until it snaps. When this occurs an Earthquake is the result! Notice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other layers. The seven continents and ocean plates basically float across the mantle which is composed of much hotter and denser material. The crust is composed of two basic rock types granite and basalt. The continental crust is composed mostly of granite.
The oceanic crust consists of a volcanic lava rock called basalt. Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates.
Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere.
The layer below the rigid lithosphere is a zone of asphalt-like consistancy called the Asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the part of the mantle that flows and moves the plates of the Earth. The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight. This flow is due to great temperature differences from the bottom to the top of the mantle.
The movement of the mantle is the reason that the plates of the Earth move! The temperature of the mantle varies from degrees Fahrenheit at the top to about degrees Fahrenheit near the bottom!
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